Rodney Bartlett (rodney1956)

I recently read John Horgan's article in the Oct. 2006 issue of Discover magazine ("The Final Frontier"). Even though the end of science feels impossible to me, I have to agree that "... there are nagging hints that most of what lies ahead involves filling in the blanks of today's big scientific concepts, not uncovering totally new ones." Because the rebel in me can't stand these nagging hints that "... science will never again yield revelations as monumental as evolution or quantum mechanics", I've devoted the last 2 decades or so to uncovering new scientific concepts which include solving the problem of war. Whether these thoughts are successful or not, they're interesting because they're based on what today's science tells us, and they seem to form a consistent picture (unfortunately for present-day science, I found that development of new concepts sometimes necessitates modification of today's concepts). I've copied and pasted these thoughts from the website of a little book I wrote, but there's little point in buying the book. The 1st edition (available now) does not contain these summaries. They're in the 2nd edition (released in December 2006), but they're freely available in this email as well as on the book's website. Also, there's more emphasis on science in part 2 - "Author Display". ---------------------------------- This book is made up of short articles, poems and stories that speculate on the future and seek to combine science with medicine and ideas which have always been regarded as belonging to religion or science fiction. It developed from a website set up for me about 7 years ago by my brother Darryl (an expert in all things electrical or electronic). Not only can it be bought from the publisher Xlibris, but also from dozens of other online bookstores like Amazon or Barnes and Noble. I suppose "Rod´s Room - A New Earth And A New Universe" (how did I ever think of such a long title?) could be viewed as part of the world-wide literature on Intelligent Design, but it is definitely not trying to roll back the advances of science. If anything, I´ve tried to use the long-sought unification of all space and time to think about science in the extremely distant future (in a unified universe, this must be possible). Necessarily, this disregards to some extent both scientific and fundamentalist ideologies of the present, but at the same time I´ve based my thoughts on what science tells us today. ---------------------------------- PART OF MY FAVOURITE PRESS RELEASE ABOUT MY BOOK New Book is Fresh Exploration and Explanation of the Mind-Boggling Universe; Author Speculates on Humans´ Future, Existence and Purpose. /24-7PressRelease/ - STANTHORPE, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA, June 30, 2006 - Though its primary concern is science, the following book is relevant to world peace because it concludes that everyone´s life is scientifically unified with all other life beyond the range of our senses and experiences (but within the range of our understanding). It will take time, but when people accept this, world and domestic peace will be inevitable since no-one will be able to attack anyone in any manner without realizing that they´re actually attacking themselves. Rod´s Room is a fine collection of short articles, poems and stories that speculate on the future and seek to combine science with medicine and ideas which have always been regarded as belonging to religion or science fiction. They seem to help explain points in each other and at the same time they easily connect with current events and civilization itself. Interestingly, this book features a thoroughly explained look at time travel as the author demonstrates its scientific validity and uses it to unite the Big Bang and Steady State theories, quantum mechanics, and General Relativity. Determining mankind´s future and the essence of the universe has always been one of the most daunting tasks known to man. With the release of his compelling new book "Rod´s Room - A New Earth And A New Universe" (www.xlibris.com/RodsRoom.html) author Rodney Bartlett shares to readers his detailed research on science, time, and life itself. The quest for purpose begins here. The four short articles at the start ("Gates to STARGATE", "How to Create Universes", "Building Doctor Who´s TARDIS", and "Darwin´s Evolution Unifies Universe") give the reader a condensed view of the conclusions the author´s reading and thinking led him to. With its in-depth look at religion, humanity, and society, Rod´s Room will undoubtedly attract a wide audience of readers, including researchers, philosophers, and scientists. Eventually it will make every reader realize that every person´s life is scientifically and physically unified beyond range of our bodily senses and experiences. To purchase copies of the book for resale, please fax Xlibris at (610) 915-0294 or call (888) 795-4274 x.876. Xlibris books can be purchased in any major bookstore, or online at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Borders or Xlibris. For more information, contact Xlibris at (888) 795-4274 or on the web at www.Xlibris.com ---------------------------------- Please see my Author Display where I´ve summarized some important parts of my book (if I keep this up, you´ll never need to actually buy my book - it´ll all be on this website :-) The four short articles at the start (Gates to STARGATE, How to Create Universes, Building Doctor Who´s TARDIS and Darwin´s Evolution Unifies Universe) give the reader a condensed view of the conclusions my reading and thinking led me to. They seem to help explain points in each other. After these four are written the steps taken to arrive at my conclusions. One deduction is - Everything always exists in the Universal Programmed Hologram, so every one and thing is even more intimately and eternally linked than we can imagine. (For this reason, I ask myself if I really wrote the book, or if I was merely looking for words to express ideas buried deep in the unconscious mind of everyone.) No-one and nothing is different and separate from anyone else or anything else. So when terrorists attack Western civilization, they´re really attacking themselves. And when Western civilization attacks terrorists, it´s really attacking itself. And Arabs and Israelis never take revenge on each other for wrongful acts - they´re also attacking themselves. For this reason, great religious books are correct to teach "Thou shalt not kill." whatever alphabet and exact words are used (note the period [full stop] after the word "kill"). Nevertheless, we must always remember the bravery and sacrifices of those who struggled in this world before the present year. Different actions are appropriate at different times in our personal history e.g. going to school when a child, having children when an adult. In the same way, different things are appropriate at different times in world history. The past was a time for wars, the future is a time to refrain from war. Sure, we appear different and separate, but our minds can overcome that illusion presented by our senses and experiences. Each of us lives in two worlds ... that of our everyday senses and that of the mysterious universal hologram. So our minds have a lot to do - we need to explore the wonders and miracles of the new holographic world, and also reconcile that with this old world, so it too will come to be full of wonders and miracles. And it´s a good thing that we live in 2 worlds. If we were restricted to the holographic world, we would pervade all existence. Nothing from what we think of as "out there" could stimulate our brain cells and make us conscious.* But like characters in a cosmic SIMS or SECOND LIFE game, we have individuality in our second world and brains that can become conscious of the first (holographic) world. * If there´s a cosmic artificial intelligence, as I´ve suggested elsewhere, there would be calculations occurring eg the subroutines involved in the orbits of planets around stars. I´m sure these calculations would equal the firing and interconnecting of brains´ nerve cells - since this a cosmic AI, it must infinitely exceed the consciousness and intelligence of any individual brain! But we´re being anthropocentric at the moment, and discussing the biological brains of individual organisms. Therefore, exploring all the space and time (and hyperspace) in existence appears to require either 1) transportation of the physical brain - along with its body - in a vehicle resembling a TARDIS, 2) teleportation through space and time of the brain - and body - as nonphysical duplicates or backups of their physical counterparts, or 3) in a mental context, using the Unified Field to comprehend at least a few of the scientific discoveries of the distant future (thus letting our brains teleport our minds through space and time). (See "Building Doctor Who´s TARDIS", "Many Lives or One?" and "Super Evolving Creation" in my book.) These methods may seem like science fiction, but exploring the entirety of space-time appears impossible enough without being restricted to the total impossibility of using the physicality and technology we possess now, or will possess in the foreseeable future (eg our brains and bodies are vulnerable to radiation/muscle and bone loss/abnormal psychology/etc when travelling in space, and simply reaching nearby stars would take years). Who wouldn’t love to believe the things we see in the “Star Trek” movies and TV programs are real? We could have warp speed, time travel, matter transporters, alien intelligences, a world without the worries of money, the creation of new planets, and so on. We’d have to move further ahead than the Star Trek years to find worldwide and universal peace, but I think all Trekkies would agree that Mr. Spock and his friends are slowly groping towards peace. Well, people tell me it’s the 21st century. That’s what my calendar says - but everywhere I look, people are behaving as if it’s still the 20th century. Maybe they’ll catch up to the calendar in 20 or 30 years. In the meantime, we’ll pretend a new age has dawned - and we’ll explore how the science of the early 1900s (represented by the theories of Albert Einstein) can be united with the entertainment of the late 1900s (represented by the phenomenon of Star Trek). Amazingly; I read in a magazine about 10 years ago that Gene Roddenberry (Star Trek’s creator) received information from an extraterrestrial civilization about the fantastic possibilities in the show. He then took these and created his inspiring, futuristic program. At the time, I thought this was nothing more than an interesting magazine article. It sounded like science fiction then, and it still sounds like sci-fi. But at the same time, I’m willing to believe he really did experience some kind of vision - something that suggests Star Trek deserves serious thought, and is more than the product of a wonderfully creative imagination. Do you remember the episode of “Star Trek: The Next Generation” where a woman from a comparatively primitive planet was transported aboard the spaceship Enterprise, and was overwhelmed by the sight of her world shining among the stars? Captain Picard explained that he and his crew don’t regard the woman and her kind as children. They are respected for who they are - people whose civilization just happens to be very young compared to that of Picard and his crew. In time, the woman’s civilization will learn, and be able to do all the things that presently cause her to think of Picard as a god. The concept of God intrigues me because I believe it´s related to the nature of the universe. I believe everything in space and time is connected by infinitesimal pulses of energy that are many millions of times smaller than anything that even the most powerful microscopes can reveal (this is similar to the way everything on a computer screen is connected by pulses of electricity, and spacetime’s energy pulses are the basic units constituting the motions or currents within what physicists call “heterotic superstring theory”). Maybe the "sea of energy" in the universe causes those qualities which churchgoers say are God´s. These are qualities like being everywhere in space-time, having unlimited power and knowing everything (the universe would be filled with something similar to advanced computers´ Artificial Intelligence). This is one explanation of God (it´s my favourite, because it agrees with the Islamic (Moslem) Koran, and the Bible, that there is only one God). A second one is that I´m certain humans will eventually be capable of creating universes, using presently-incomprehensible mental abilities, and genetically engineering themselves/travelling anywhere in space or time to establish colonies on other planets in the present, past and future. Possibly, many people cannot accept that humans will oneday do these things, so they use the word God to describe the manufacturers of universes (who would also program universes so certain things would happen at particular places at particular times). But possibly, it doesn’t matter which explanation you favour, for as I say in “How to Create Universes”: `Both time travel by us and creation by so-called "supernatural" others could account for the origin of the universe we live in. Speaking of "us" and "others" is simply a matter of convenience coz in reality, everyone springs from the one source - the software behind the universal and megauniversal hologram.` Mutations/randomness in the code behind the megauniversal Programmed Hologram permit a degree of free will. Since we can control our movements, this means we have influence over mutations and programming. It is not the muscles in our arms/legs which influence the Hologram Program, but the signals in our brains. So why can´t we ordinarily and effortlessly move external objects with our thoughts, disregarding distances in space or time? This could be answered by my belief that we all live in 2 worlds. The universe would actually be a unified field at the deepest level of reality ie from the perspective of the holographic world. But superficially (from the viewpoint of the world of space-time we know through our everyday thoughts and senses and experiences), it is a virtual unity coz the universe is like a subatomic particle and ´electronic´ connections travelling at or near light-speed over such tiny distances arrive in practically no time (speaking of their speed or motion is also a matter of convenience). In other words, we would indeed live in a unified field if the megauniverse was simply a hologram. But in practical terms, we live in a virtual unified field coz the megauniverse is a programmed hologram (this explains why quantum theory is essential to our understanding of the relativistic universe). "Rod´s Room: A New Earth and a New Universe" seeks to merely modify both Darwin´s theory of evolution and the concept of Intelligent Design, and show that these modifications enable the concepts to coexist. It is true that I don´t believe humans and apes share a common ancestor or that we came from one-celled organisms in a ´primordial soup´ existing billions of years ago. Instead; I believe all life (you, me, everyone) and everything shares the "common ancestor" of the intelligently-designed megauniversal hologram and mutations/randomness are essential for our development. ---------------------------------- Author Display According to the article "Let There Be Light" (Time magazine - Sep. 4, 2006 - by Michael D. Lemonick), "... the Dark Ages of the universe (is) the 200 million year period (more or less) after the last flash of light from the Big Bang faded and the first blush of sun-like stars began to appear. What happened during the Dark Ages set the stage for the cosmos we see today, with its billions of magnificent galaxies and everything that they contain ..." Here, I´ll write down my thoughts arising from this article - they refer mainly to the universe´s dark ages, dark matter and dark energy. There is an alternative explanation of the universe´s dark ages. This begins with the mini black holes proposed by physicist Stephen Hawking in 1974 - and the 3 "subuniverses" which could exist in our cosmos according to mathematical equations developed by Albert Einstein in 1917. According to the 1973 book ALBERT EINSTEIN: CREATOR AND REBEL by physicist Banesh Hoffman and Einstein´s secretary Helen Dukas, mathematical equations developed by Einstein in 1917 say a maximum of 3 “subuniverses” could exist in our cosmos: here, I´ll refer to them as SPACE (embracing the 3 dimensions of length, width and height), TIME (the 4th dimension) and HYPERSPACE (the 5th dimension). Transmission holograms are made on a photographic plate or film by interference between the 2 parts of a split laser beam - by analogy, one part of a split laser beam could, in the far future, compress a tiny quantity of matter in the 5th spatial dimension to the required temperature and pressure of a big bang (this portion would be the reference beam and would produce one of Hawking´s mini black holes). To seemingly change the subject for a moment: Quantum mechanics, Einstein´s Relativity, theories of universal holograms and cosmic computers, plus the idea in eastern religions that reality is illusion together convince me there are actually no solid or separate objects or events in space or time. In particular, I´m convinced by Relativity´s E=mc2 (E=mc squared) and quantum theory´s Wave-Particle Duality, as well as what quantum mechanics says about subatomic particles communicating instantaneously across the universe or experiencing the whole universe in their existence. The last two phenomena could be understood by stating that any particle has the same properties as the universe as a whole (if this seems to contradict established knowledge, it´s explained in more detail by the next paragraph). It´s easy to imagine all parts of the universe being in contact (and thus forming a unification) when that universe was the size of a subatomic particle, nearly 14 billion years ago. Since the universe still has the same properties as a particle, it is still a unification. Another way of viewing this fact is to think of particles (and the universe, or the megauniverse of universes within universes) as closed loops of electromagnetic energy. These could be called strings or superstrings - I prefer to call them Mobius loops, however (a Mobius loop can be vizualised as a strip of paper which is a given a half-twist of 180 degrees before its ends are joined). The 3 familiar dimensions of length, width and height would have a 4th dimension (time) perpendicular to them (on the side of the twisted paper ... or electromagnetic loop). And there would also exist a 5th dimension, at right angles to the 4th and 180 degrees from the length or width or height, on the bottom (not the top or side) of the paper strip ... or EM loop. The previous parts of this paragraph can be likened to astronomy´s picture of the 3+1 dimensions of space-time existing on the surface of a balloon which is expanding from an inner hyperspatial point (not in space-time) where the Big Bang occurred. So I didn´t really change the subject much a minute ago, but am still discussing mini black holes. Electromagnetic pulses would continuously circulate from each of the 3 familiar dimensions through the 4th and 5th, and back to the 3; producing a unification. This circulation means any particle interferes with itself. The circulating pulses unite the 3 dimensions of space with the 4th dimension of time ie today´s vastly expanded universe is united with the highly compressed, subatomic-sized universe of the past; as well as with the 5th dimension of our universe´s space-time generating Big Bang. A 3rd way to understand the unity of the universe (How do I unite thee? Let me count the ways...) is by reading Bob Berman´s "Sky Lights" in the July 2006 edition of "Discover" science magazine - "... physicists predict that the singularity at the heart of a black hole has (zero volume)." "... since locations in (space) are relative", the position of the singularity is not absolute in reality. This contradicts experiment and observation, which maintain that position of objects is certain. Therefore, observation and experiment would be less dependable guides to how the universe works than the power of the mind using those methods (by building on the discoveries of observations and experiments, the mind´s power reveals the long-sought unified universe). Relative location in space also means the atoms making up the heart of a person do not occupy definite positions but can coexist with the singularity and have zero volume. "... since locations in (time) are relative", a person´s heart does not possess zero volume at just time A or time B, but always. We can adapt the quantum mechanical thought experiment known as Schrodinger´s Cat in which the cat exists and does not exist at the same time. In general, quantum mechanics does not predict a single, definite result for an observation. Instead, it assigns a probability to each outcome as in, for example, the quantum mechanical thought experiment known as Schrodinger´s Cat in which the cat exists and does not exist at the same time (a hammer which might or might not be triggered by a source of radioactivity to break a bottle of poisonous gas both kills and doesn´t kill the cat - and all these things are placed in an airtight box). This adaptation says Schrodinger´s Heart beats and does not beat at the same time. Since black holes and people share this zero-volume property (as would everything in space-time), we can think of the universe as a unification, or as an integration of relativistic space-time and quantum physics. Now to return to lasers. I previously spoke of the reference beam - the other part (the object beam) would scan or read all the data in a universe … perhaps by first being transmitted through the 4th spatial dimension so it could focus on that entire universe when it was only the size of a subatomic particle. The reference and object beams then come to a focus - forming an interference pattern which creates a universe that obeys Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion (for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction) and rebounds/expands from the compression caused by the futuristic reference laser (the compressed matter corresponding to the material plate/film in conventional holography). In an earthly hologram, the interference pattern does not look like a photograph until light hits it in the correct position. In a cosmic hologram, the interference pattern would merely be a dark cosmos evolving from a big bang until it was illuminated by another laser beam (from the generation of another big bang - please see the next paragraph). Then it would become a number of "images" including every possible frequency of electromagnetism, and thanks to wave/particle duality, matter waves and gravitational waves. Expansion must initially be of an exponential, inflationary velocity because this reaction is in response to the action of light´s velocity (the greatest in the universe). Then matter formed and gravity slowed expansion of the universe. If our civilization oneday becomes advanced (and wise) enough to create the big bang that produces our universe, it is inevitable that we would continue to use this talent for making cosmic fireworks, and that other civilizations would also produce big bangs. Admittedly, this is an assessment of human nature as well as a reflection on the nature of civilizations. I cannot provide direct proof that I´m correct. I can only point out that universal expansion would once more accelerate after gravity slowed it if more big-bang-generating laser energy is introduced to the infinite (in time as well as space) spectrum of universes.* The latest research shows that our universe is indeed undergoing accelerating expansion, and attributes this to unknown "dark energy" instead of successive Big Bangs. Each and every universe in our megauniverse must possess the same laws of nature since production of each one depends on compressing a quantity of matter already in existence, and universes would receive an entropy-defeating influx of energy which would prevent their thermodynamic deaths. The concept of "dark matter" would be used today to explain the increased gravitational effects caused by undetectable matter. But that undetectable matter would not be a new, unknown form of matter - it would be known particles travelling through the 4th and 5th dimensions (and therefore nonexistent in the 3 dimensions of ordinary space). While in these other dimensions, the particles known as dark matter are invisible ... but would of course still exert gravitational influence. (Physics´ string theory states this by saying "Gravity may not be confined to 3 dimensions.") If particles circulated within the universe in a simple circle, they would spend almost as much time being visible as invisible. But the circulation of electromagnetic pulses following a Mobius-shaped path in a particle would be an example of fractals (phenomena repeated on ever-decreasing scales). So particles follow a Mobius-shaped path in universes (the Universe is Mobius-shaped), and they could easily spend between 10 and 25 times longer being invisible than visible. In this case, only 4% to 10% of the universe´s content could be ordinary, non-dark matter (as NASA´s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe revealed a few years ago). * The holographic "creation" of universes might not involve extraordinarily high temperatures, in which case it could be called the Cold Fusion approach to cosmogenesis (the production of universes). Each universe arises from a big bang, but the megauniverse they belong to has no beginning (thanks to time-travelling cosmogenicists) and no end (thanks to energy influxes from later big bangs which "create" other regions of space-time). And it maintains its average density through continuous "creation" (actually, recycling) of matter via the small amount from a preceding universe which is used to initiate expansion of its successor. This steady-state, or static, megauniverse would have its tendency to collapse (from, according to the viewpoint that only one time exists at any instant, ever-increasing gravitational attraction) always exactly balanced by, again from the viewpoint that all times cannot exist at once, the ever-increasing expansion of the universes it contains. The notion that contained universes that are forever expanding would somehow "burst" a static, steady-state megauniverse mistakenly assumes the megauniverse possesses a finite size; and it also reverts to our everyday experience that only one time exists at any instant (forgetting that all times exist and the megauniverse therefore accommodates not just some, but all, extents of expansion). Also: the megauniverse can be static even though it´s composed of expanding universes because of its literally infinite size which results from cosmogenicists being able to access unlimited points in both space and time. People can be resurrected long after death then use time travel to be alive long before birth - similarly, universe producers can journey to points existing before origin of the particular universe they live in (see the end of "Darwin´s Evolution Unifies Universe" in my book). Since the megauniverse is infinite, there´s always a place and time for them to go to - we need to abandon our purely linear or serial concept of time which says universe B can only come into existence after universe A´s origin, and embrace a holistic or whole-istic concept where universes B and A (and all others) coexist. The quantum mechanical thought experiment known as Schrodinger´s Cat in which the cat exists and does not exist at the same time helps us understand "life before birth" and "later universes preceding earlier ones". To look ahead a few paragraphs, we can regard the cosmic hologram and the megauniverse as examples of invariance (the quality of not changing) and the hologram´s relativistic property of appearing different from differing vantage points as represented by the expanding universes with their big bangs. Since lasers can be used to create other universes, the above is occurring inside a cosmic hologram, which is a single frame. All forms of motion can therefore be compared to successive frames, or many images, existing on a single holographic plate or film. This applies to orbits of stars and planets, electromagnetic currents within subatomic particles, instant communication between particles that are light-years apart ... and so on. But what about the movements people and animals make? What about free will? Answering these questions seems to require thinking of the universe as not only a cosmic hologram, but also as a cosmic computer. We must also remember that this cosmic computer does not merely mean programming, but it means programming that includes randomness (we might also refer to “randomness” as “mutations”). [Randomness is introduced into the chain of repetitive calculations producing the image of a mountain range so a convincingly rugged image will result.] Using this model, we can regard orbits, currents and instant communication as subroutines in the cosmic programming. Every little voluntary movement, however, is not an unalterable thing pre-programmed into our lives. Randomness means we have a degree of free will (since we can control our movements, we can influence mutations and programming). To extend Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, mutations do not mean we possess a common ancestor with apes - mutations or randomness would be essential for every form of life, matter and energy to come into existence. Something which concerns me is the use of the clause “… to the medium in which a wave travels …” on p. 11 of my book ("Rod´s Room - A New Earth And A New Universe" : http://www.xlibris.com/RodsRoom.html ). I am not going back to a time before the Michelson-Morley experiment of 1887 which showed light waves do not travel through space in something called the ether. My use of “medium” does not refer to any known or unknown substance, but to space as the means or agency by which a wave gets from point A to point B (as we saw before, referring to the travelling - or speed - of light is nothing more than a convenient way of speaking: its apparent speed is actually a matter of subroutines or successive frames in a unified hologram which appears different from differing viewpoints). Dennis Gabor proposed the theory of holography in 1947, but it only became practicable with the invention of the laser in 1960. So if your name was Albert Einstein and you were thinking about these things about 100 years ago, you´d be tempted to call your theory the Theory of Invariance (after light´s [the cosmic hologram´s] unchanging properties [referring to its constant velocity in a vacuum], and the quality of holograms appearing different from differing viewpoints would become known as Relativity. Einstein did, in fact, originally favour the term "invariance". If the things I’ve written are correct, Relativity and quantum mechanics would have done the right thing in convincing me there are actually no solid or separate objects or events in space or time. To conclude tonight’s writing, let’s go to TV Land - specifically, the American soap “The Bold and the Beautiful” : When Taylor and Stephanie were arguing about the 2% share in Forrester Creations which the former received, Taylor said to Stephanie "You are me, I am you". This reminded me that the universe is a unification. Quantum mechanics, Einstein´s Relativity, theories of universal holograms and cosmic computers, plus the idea in eastern religions that reality is illusion together convince me this is so, and that there are actually no solid or separate objects or events in space or time. In particular, I´m convinced by Relativity´s E=mc2 (E=mc squared) and quantum theory´s Wave-Particle Duality, as well as what quantum mechanics says about subatomic particles communicating instantaneously across the universe or experiencing the whole universe in their existence. This must mean I am in Australia and America at the same time - and that you are in America and Australia at the same time (quantum mechanics speaks of the probability of particles being in two places at once). It must also mean I am you, and you are me. World peace is inevitable if anyone in the world is actually themself + anyone else (despite what we see, hear and experience). Our trip to TV Land has not been a trip to Fantasy Land - it’s another example of what unification can, and will, do (despite humanity´s best efforts to stop it)! ----------------------------------

Bets & Predictions that Bartletts' placed

Bets & Predictions Bartletts' challenged

Predictions that Bartlett has challenged.